Hurricane Gustav

Hurricane Gustav (pronounced /ˈɡʊstɑːv/ ) was the second most destructive hurricane of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm was the seventh tropical cyclone, third hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season. Gustav caused serious damage and casualtiesin Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba and the United States. Gustav caused at least $6.6 billion (2008 USD) in damages.[1] Gustav also triggered the largest evacuation in United States history with more than 3 million people fleeing the oncoming hurricane.[2]

It formed on the morning of August 25, 2008, about 260 miles (420 km) southeast of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and rapidly strengthened into a tropical storm that afternoon and into a hurricane early on August 26. Later that day it made landfall near the Haitian town of Jacmel. It inundated Jamaica and ravaged Western Cuba and then steadily moved across the Gulf of Mexico.[3] [4]

Once into the Gulf, Gustav gradually weakened because of increased wind shear and dry air. It weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on August 31, and remained at that intensity until landfall on the morning of September 1 near Cocodrie, Louisiana.[5] Weakening continued, and Gustav weakened to a tropical storm that evening and to a tropical depression the next day as it meandered around the south-central US. The weak system became extratropical on September 4 and was absorbed by another low on September 5.[5]

In total, an estimated 153 deaths had been attributed to Gustav in the U.S. and Caribbean. Damage in the U.S. totaled to $4.3 billion (2008 USD)[6] with additional damage of $2.1 billion in Cuba[7] and $210 million in damage in Jamaica.[8] {| class="toc" id="toc" style="font-size: 12px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "

Contents
[hide] *1 Meteorological history
 * 2 Preparations
 * 2.1 Hispaniola
 * 2.2 Jamaica and Cayman Islands
 * 2.3 Cuba
 * 2.4 United States
 * 2.4.1 Louisiana
 * 2.4.1.1 Local events
 * 2.4.2 Texas
 * 2.4.3 Mississippi and Alabama
 * 2.4.4 Multistate agencies
 * 3 Impact
 * 3.1 Hispaniola
 * 3.2 Jamaica
 * 3.3 Cayman Islands
 * 3.4 Cuba
 * 3.5 United States
 * 3.5.1 Louisiana
 * 3.5.2 Mississippi and Alabama
 * 3.5.3 Florida
 * 3.5.4 Arkansas
 * 3.5.5 Texas
 * 4 Political implications
 * 4.1 United States
 * 4.2 Cuba
 * 5 Retirement
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 External links
 * }

[edit] Meteorological history
Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane GustavStorm pathGustav formed out of a tropical wave that had previously produced t-rain and squalls in the Lesser Antilles. It developed well-defined curved bands and briefly exhibited an upper-level eye feature. The NHC designated it Tropical Depression Seven and dispatched a hurricane hunteraircraft to investigate the system.[9] At the time, the system had a well-defined outflow in all but the southeast and southwest quadrant,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc001_8-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[9] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wndspd01_9-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[10] and data from the hurricane-hunter aircraft confirmed that the tropical depression had strengthened into a tropical storm, which was soon designated Tropical Storm Gustav.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-update_aug25_10-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[11] A brief period of disorganization<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[12] proved to be temporary as a well-defined eye wall formed that same night.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc04_12-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[13] In the early hours of August 26, as the storm approached Haiti's southwestern peninsula,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public04a_13-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[14] another hurricane hunter aircraft confirmed what forecasters already suspected—that Gustav had strengthened into a hurricane with winds topping 90 mph (150 km/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-update_aug26_14-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[15] Before reaching Haiti, its satellite presentation continued to intensify, a central dense overcast became more prominent,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc05_15-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[16] and the minimum central pressure fell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc06_16-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[17]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Hurricane Gustav regained a pronounced eye as it made landfall on Haiti, with 75 mph (121 km/h) winds,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc07_17-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[18] near the town of Jacmel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public06a_18-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[19] As the hurricane moved over Haiti's mountainous terrain its circulation was disrupted<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc07_17-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[18] and it lost a little strength.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public08_19-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[20] Although downgraded to a tropical storm, it still had a pronounced eye in its mid- and upper-level structures. Its outflow improved throughout the night of August 26,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc08_20-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[21] and the system was not very disrupted when it moved back over water into the Gulf of Gonâve.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc09_21-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[22] However, the storm's movement slowed, and continued interaction with nearby Haiti, combined with the incursion of mid-level dry air from the northeast, resulted in further weakening during the day on August 27.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public11_22-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[23] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc12_23-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[24] The storm began a west-southwesterly movement that brought it closer to Jamaica. On the morning of August 28 it was found that, overnight, Gustav had either reformed farther to the south or had moved farther to the south than previously thought. The storm was also found to have restrengthened nearly to hurricane status.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public14_24-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[25] It then was upgraded to a hurricane again during the late afternoon of August 29. At 11:00 a.m EDT (1500 UTC) on August 30, as Gustav neared the west end of Cuba, it was upgraded to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public22A_25-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[26] with sustained winds near 125 mph (205 km/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public22A_25-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[26] Gustav continued its rapid deepening trend, and three hours later, it had already reached Category 4 strength. Gustav's maximum sustained winds had reached 155 mph (250 km/h)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public25_26-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[27] with a minimum pressure of 941 millibars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public25a_27-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[28] Hurricane Gustav in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico as a 120 mph (195 km/h) storm<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On August 30 Gustav made landfall twice on Cuba: first, on Isla de la Juventud and then on the mainland near the community of Los Palaciosin Pinar del Río Province.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cuba_landfall_28-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[29] By the early hours of August 31, Gustav entered the Gulf of Mexico with maximum sustained winds of 135 mph (217 km/h) and minimum central pressure of 958 millibars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public26_29-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[30] During August 31, the storm moved in a northwest direction slightly losing its strength (despite passing over a shortened Loop Current) with sustained winds at 115 mph.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public28_30-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[31] On the evening of August 31, Gustav weakened to a Category 2 hurricane and remained at such intensity until landfall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5] Gustav made landfall along the Louisiana coast with 105 mph (170 km/h) winds near Cocodrie,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public032_31-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[32] at about 9:30 a.m CDT (1430 UTC). By 10 pm CDT, Gustav had been downgraded to a Tropical Storm with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) about 20 miles (30 km) southwest of Alexandria, Louisiana<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public34_32-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[33] and by 4 am CDT on September 2 Gustav had diminished to a Tropical Depression with a threat of severe flooding in the lower Mississippi Valley and eastern Texas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-public35_33-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[34]

[edit] Hispaniola
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Immediately upon the storm's designation as a tropical depression it was expected to strengthen into a tropical storm and strike the island ofHispaniola,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc001_8-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[9] shared by the Dominican Republic on the east and Haiti on the west. Tropical storm warnings were issued from the coast of theDominican Republic south of Santo Domingo to the Haitian coast south of Port-au-Prince. A tropical storm watch was issued for the Haitian coast, north of Port-au-Prince to the northern border with the Dominican Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[35] Hours later, when Gustav was upgraded to a tropical storm, the tropical storm warning was upgraded to a hurricane warning and the tropical storm watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[36] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Aug_26_36-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[37]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Haitian government ordered emergency shelters to prepare.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herald_Tribune_Aug26_37-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[38] The country is particularly vulnerable to floods and landslides as rainfall runs off its largely deforested mountains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Aug_26_36-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[37] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reuters_UK_Aug26_38-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[39] The government issued a red alert<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Reuters_UK_Aug26_38-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[39] and advised the population to take precautions, but few Haitians took heed. Fair weather led many to doubt whether a hurricane was even approaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herald_Tribune_Aug26_37-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[38] American Airlines canceled all of its flights into and out of Port-au-Prince on August 26, stranding travelers hoping to escape the storm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herald_Tribune_Aug26_37-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[38]

[edit] Jamaica and Cayman Islands
Hurricane Gustav, just after making landfall in Jamaica, August 29, 2008<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On August 25, Carnival Cruise Lines diverted one of its ships from Montego Bay, Jamaica, to Mexico in order to avoid the storm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herald_Tribune_Aug26_37-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[38] Jamaica'sOffice of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) readied response systems in anticipation of Hurricane Gustav affecting the island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Radio_Jam_Aug26_39-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[40]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the Cayman Islands, a hurricane watch was issued at 6 pm August 25 and upgraded that to a warning on 6 pm August 27. Banks and non-essential government services were closed Friday to allow residents to prepare. Extra flights were organized to get tourists off the island and, per usual practice, further visits were banned until the All Clear was given. Stores and gas stations were busy and each district office offered free plywood to protect windows and residents hurried about to secure their business interests and property.

[edit] Cuba
Infrared Satellite loops of Hurricane Gustav crossing western Cuba at as a major category 4 storm.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">60,000 were evacuated overnight on August 29 from Cuba's western coasts. Gustav was projected to strike Cuba on the afternoon of August 30.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[41] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[42] Additional evacuations were ordered on the afternoon of August 30 as Gustav strengthened to a strong Category 4 hurricane, particularly in the low-lying Pinar del Río Province where 190,000 were evacuated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[43] On Monday, September 1, Cuban officials reported that Gustav's 155 mph (249 km/h) winds damaged or destroyed 90,000 homes in Pinar del Río, and knocked down 80 high-tension towers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[44] The combined damage estimate from Gustav and the subsequent hurricanes Ike and Paloma is about $9.4 billion (USD), with about 2.1 billion of that from Gustav.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCCuba_7-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[8]

[edit] United States
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On August 31, the NHC predicted with 45% probability that Gustav would remain at Category 3 or above on September 1. This influenced preparations, although in fact Gustav had dropped just below the Category 3 threshold to Category 2 by landfall, and Category 1 shortly afterwards.

[edit] Louisiana
Building being boarded up in Uptown New Orleans, August 28<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On the morning of August 26, with Gustav still over Haiti, Louisiana emergency preparedness officials met several times to discuss predictions that Gustav would reach the state as a major hurricane in three to five days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NOLA_26_gearsup_44-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[45] Several areas of Louisiana planned for evacuations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSNBC142_45-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[46] Several parishes in the New Orleans area announced plans for voluntary evacuations beginning Saturday, August 30. New Orleans Mayor Ray Naginsaid that it was possible thousands of people who need city help could start leaving on Saturday, as the first wave of a full-scale evacuation. Later, he ordered the mandatory evacuation of the whole of New Orleans commencing on the morning of August 31, calling Gustav "the storm of the century ... the mother of all storms."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSNBC142_45-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[46] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc-evacuate_46-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[47] On August 31, Nagin also declared a dusk-to-dawn curfew and the cessation of city assistance in evacuations by the afternoon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_Bush_dangerous_47-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[48] By that afternoon, 1.9 million people had evacuated southern Louisiana, with 200,000 being residents of New Orleans alone,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NOLA_1.1M_evacuated_48-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[49] making it the largest evacuation in the history of Louisiana.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[50]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Officials had finalized evacuation plans, which proposed assisted evacuations as early as August 29: Contraflow lane reversal on all major highways, and 700 buses to help move evacuees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NOLA_26_alert_50-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[51] For those evacuees in need of shelter, the state government secured tens of thousands of shelter beds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_26_landfall_51-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[52] Wary of repeating the mistakes of Hurricane Katrina, authorities chose not to use the Louisiana Superdome and New Orleans Convention Center as emergency shelters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ABC_26_skittish_52-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[53] The following day, Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared a state of emergency, activating between 3,000 and 8,000 members of the Louisiana National Guard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LA_state_of_emergency_53-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[54] Maj. Gen. Bennett C. Landreneau (center), adjutant general of the Louisiana Army National Guard, speaks to reporters about the Guard's preparation for Gustav in Louisiana on August 28.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin shortened his appearance at the Democratic National Conventionin Denver, Colorado, to assist in preparations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[55] The residents of low-lying Grand Isle, Louisiana, were under a voluntary evacuation order beginning August 29. Traditionally, the community is one of the first to vacate when tropical storms threaten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSNBC142_45-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[46] Residents of lower Cameron Parish, Louisiana, were also given a voluntary evacuation order on August 29.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[56] Mandatory evacuation orders have since been given. In Plaquemines Parish, Parish President Billy Nungesser flew in a helicopter counting the number of vessels and barges that potentially would be a safety issue to people, property, and the levee system during a hurricane. Parish officials called the owners of about 150 vessels and told them to move the vessels or the parish would sink them. 70 of the 150 were sunk, some by the parish, some by the owners. [2] Also, parish officials started a last-ditch effort to save Belle Chasse by constructing a sand levee across Louisiana Highway 23.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WWL_Plaquemines_1_56-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[57] Approximately eight hours later, the parish government announced the completion of the levee.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WWL_Plaquemines_2_57-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[58]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30. Pilots at Lake Charles in west Louisiana, and Sabine Pass in east Texas, also were making plans as of August 30 to halt traffic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[59] Tulane University, Loyola University New Orleans, the University of New Orleans, and Xavier University of Louisiana all closed their campuses for the entire week but resumed classes on the following Monday of September 8, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tulane_emergency_response_59-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[60] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[61] The University of Louisiana at Lafayette also canceled classes for September 2 and 3,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[62] as did Louisiana State University<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[63] and Baton Rouge Community College.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BRCC_closed_63-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[64]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">On September 1, Plaquemines Parish officials asked the residents of Braithwaite, Louisiana to leave, as levee failure was considered imminent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Braithwaite_levee_evacs_64-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[65] FEMA had estimated there were only about 10,000 people left in New Orleans on September 1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kunz1_65-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[66]

[edit] Local events
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">One major sporting event was directly affected by the disaster preparations. On August 30, Louisiana State University (LSU) opened its 2008 football season against Appalachian State. The originally scheduled kickoff time of 4 pm CDT would have conflicted with the start ofcontraflow lane reversal, and Interstate 10 is a key evacuation route through Baton Rouge. Accordingly, LSU moved kickoff to 10 am CDT.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LSU-App_State_66-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[67] A college football game between Nicholls State University and New Mexico State University, scheduled for September 4, was canceled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[68] The Triple-A baseball New Orleans Zephyrscancelled the final three games of their season because of the impending approach of Gustav and evacuation preparations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[69] The New Orleans Saints of the National Football League(NFL) proceeded with plans to evacuate from New Orleans and headed to Indianapolis, where they practiced at Lucas Oil Stadium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[70] The Saints returned to New Orleans to play their first home game as scheduled on Sunday, September 7, defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 24–20.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[71]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Hotel and business closures related to Gustav had impact on New Orleans' Southern Decadence celebrations, which were scheduled for August 27 through September 1, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[72] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-washblade_72-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[73]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">After the lessons from Katrina the main hospitals remained open. Non critical patients were evacuated but serious cases remained with full support. As an example Tulane had installed an independent power system.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[citation needed] This allowed them to continue critical care. At the height of the crisis only 4 patients remained in ICU but had full support, even to the extent that a liver transplant was successfully performed during Gustav.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[citation needed]

[edit] Texas
Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA) Administrator David Paulison (center) with various United States' federal officials and other response leaders on August 30.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Texas Governor Rick Perry activated 5,000 members of the Texas Military Forces on August 29 in response to the possible crisis, in addition to preparations made by other agencies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[74] As of August 29, other preparations in Texas to deal with Gustav and its effects were implemented.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[75] Some evacuees were being placed in Northeast Texas, including in Dallas County, Tarrant County, and Tyler, Texas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[76]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">In Harris County, Texas, Judge Ed Emmett said that the Reliant Astrodome will not be used as a shelter for evacuees if Hurricane Gustav hits New Orleans, because Houston is also vulnerable to Hurricane Gustav; according to Emmett, it would make more sense to evacuate to a more inland area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[77]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Voluntary evacuations of Jefferson and Orange Counties started on August 30 with mandatory evacuations in the two counties started on August 31.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[78] Also, the Texas Governor deployed other assets to help handle the oncoming disaster.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[79]

[edit] Mississippi and Alabama
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On August 27, requests and orders began for evacuations along the Mississippi Gulf Coast.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[80] All schools in Harrison County's five public school districts were closed until September 2.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[81] Several schools in Pearl River County were also confirmed closed until September 2. TheUniversity of Southern Mississippi was closed on September 2, as well as the Alcorn State University.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Much of the Alabama National Guard was mobilized to assist evacuees from the other states. Governor Bob Riley called for mandatory evacuation of Dauphin Island, Plash Island, Gulf Shores, as well as everything south of Fort Morgan Road, Gulf Shores on August 31.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[82] The Mobile Regional Airport closed on August 31, and remained closed September 1. It is reopened September 2.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gustav_School.2FBusiness_Closings_82-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[83] The Bankhead Tunnel in Mobile, Alabama, closed on August 31.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gustav_School.2FBusiness_Closings_82-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[83]

[edit] Multistate agencies
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On Friday, August 29 several state rural waters associations activated their Water Agency Response Networks to prepare for Gustav’s landfall.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[84] WARN systems are agreements between rural water associations and government agencies in neighboring states that coordinate the response to large water emergencies. Water technicians and trailers of portable generators, pumps, spare parts and testing equipment were readied along the gulf coast and neighboring states to respond to the emergency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[85]

[edit] Impact
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Operationally, Gustav went from a tropical depression to a hurricane in 14 hours, tying Hurricane Humberto's record of 14 hours, although this may be disputed in post-season analysis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[86]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the aftermath, the Canadian government sent a C-17 airlifter, with a medical team, from CFB Trenton to assist in the evacuation of New Orleans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[87] and two C-130 Hercules airlift planes from Greenwood, Nova Scotia and from Winnipeg, Manitoba.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[88] The United Kingdom sent HMS Iron Duke and RFA Wave Ruler to provide emergency assistance and assess the damage caused by Gustav.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[89] Anheuser-Busch provided canned water to affected residents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Anheuser_Busch_89-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[90] Russia announced it would send 4 cargo planes with tents, construction materials, food, and essential supplies to Cuba.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[91] Gustav killed 53 people in the United States and at the time, it was the deadliest U.S. hurricane since Hurricane Rita which caused 127 total casualties, however this would later be surpassed by Hurricane Ike later in the season. A Canadian CC-177 Globemaster III on thetarmac in New Orleans, Louisiana assisting in the evacuation during Hurricane Gustav.=== [edit] Hispaniola=== <p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">In the Dominican Republic, a landslide in a rural area killed eight people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[92] Two people were injured. Government authorities said that some 67,255 persons were evacuated and more than 1,239 homes were damaged with 12 destroyed. 50 communities were isolated by the flooding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UNOCHA_92-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[93]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Gustav made landfall in Haiti at approximately 1 pm EDT on August 26, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the city of Jacmel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Haiti_Landfall_93-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[94] While inland, Gustav's rains triggered a landslide in the community of Benet which killed one person.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[95] Two more were killed in southwestern Haiti when their house collapsed. Another two deaths were caused by an explosion inside a house, thought to be possibly related to Hurricane Gustav.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[96] The southern town of Jacmel, where the hurricane made landfall, was bisected by floodwaters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_26_landfall_51-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[52]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to Haiti's National Director of Civil Protection, 77 people died as a result of the hurricane.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5] Some 2,100 houses were destroyed and another 8,150 damaged, causing an estimated 7,200 people to live in temporary shelters, including churches, community centers and schools.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UNOCHA_1_96-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[97] At least some 3,500 other families, 20,000 people, are affected, but when information becomes available it is thought that the actual number may be 25,000–30,000 families.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UNOCHA_92-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[93]

[edit] Jamaica
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">In Jamaica, 15 deaths were reported after Gustav swept through the area as a tropical storm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5] Flash flooding was also reported on the island as a result of Gustav's heavy rains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[98] The banana sector in the parishes of St. Thomas, St. Mary and Portland suffered significant damage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[99] The Hope River Bridge linking the capital Kingston with the eastern reaches of the city including Harbour View and St. Thomas collapsed and the Georgia bridge in Portland was destroyed. Jamaica's government ministry initially estimated US$41.8 million in damage to the road infrastructure in the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[100] Total damage in Jamaica was estimated at $210 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5]

[edit] Cayman Islands
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">In the Cayman Islands, Gustav's heavy rains and storm surge flooded the streets of Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, the smaller easternmost "Sister Islands" in the chain. More than 1,100 people spent the night in government shelters in the three islands as high waves and heavy winds battered the chain, the National Emergency Operations Center said in a statement. Most people waited out the storm in private homes or hotels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[101]

[edit] Cuba
Waters churned up by Hurricane Gustav off the coast of Northern Cuba<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">On Saturday August 30, 2008, Gustav made landfall on mainland Cuba near the community of Los Palacios in Pinar del Río—a region that produces much of the tobacco used to make the nation's famed cigars. In Los Palacios some 7,000 homes were roofless and many with their walls collapsed. The rice and banana farms sustained much damage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[102]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">At least 300,000 people were evacuated from Gustav's path as 140 mph (220 km/h) winds toppled telephone poles and fruit trees, shattered windows and tore off the tin roofs of homes. Cuban authorities declared that Gustav is the worst hurricane to hit the country in 50 years. Authorities called the storm damage the worst since 1956. The 211 mph (341 km/h) wind gusts registered in the city of Paso Real de San Diegowere the highest in Cuba's history, according to the provincial newspaper, the Guerrillero. Winds were so strong that the weather station instruments broke.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[103] Gustav is considered Cuba's worst hurricane in 45 years, the last hurricane that was worse than Gustav for Cuba wasHurricane Flora in 1963, which was the deadliest Cuban storm since the 1932 Cuba Hurricane.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Cuban Civil defense authorities initially stated that there were "many people injured" on Isla de la Juventud, an island of 87,000 people south of the mainland. Nearly all the island's roads were washed out and some regions were heavily flooded. No fatalities have been reported in Cuba, despite the extreme damage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-6" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cuba_landfall_28-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[29]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">By September 3, Cuba's President Raul Castro said that 20,000 of the 25,000 houses on Isla de la Juventud were damaged. More than 90,000 homes were damaged in the western province of Pinar del Río according to government news agency AIN. 3,306 tobacco houses were destroyed, with 906 tons of tobacco leaves wet. More than 32,000 acres (130 km<sup style="line-height: 1em; ">2 ) of crops were ruined, including 7,239 acres (29.30 km<sup style="line-height: 1em; ">2 ) of grain and nearly 1,500 of fruit. 42,000 cans of coffee were destroyed, and 3,100 tons of grapefruit lost. 930,000 chickens had to be euthanized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[104]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to Pinar del Río civil defense authorities, 86,000 homes were damaged, 80 electric towers and 600 electric posts fell. Cuba's electric company, indicated that a total of 136 electric towers toppled over and that the electrical grid on Isla de la Juventud was 100% damaged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[105] In all, damage from Hurricane Gustav totaled $2.1 billion in Cuba.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WMOCuba_6-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[7]

[edit] United States
Total rainfall from Gustav in the United StatesTipped and flooded home, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Although the storm was still in its formative stages on August 26,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-disc05_15-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[16] fears that Hurricane Gustav might eventually disrupt oil production in the Gulf of Mexico caused oil prices to rise.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Aug_26_36-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[37] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Haiti_Landfall_93-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[94] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AP_oil_Aug26_105-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[106] On August 27, U.S. oil and natural-gas companies began evacuating personnel from their oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico amid continued forecasts that Gustav would strengthen and move into the gulf.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bloom_27_106-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[107] By August 30, 76.77% of oil production and 37.16% of natural gas production in the Gulf of Mexico had been shut in.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MMS_08-30_107-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[108] By mid-day August 31, 96% of oil production had stopped.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McClatchy_108-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[109] Out at sea, one death was reported.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-7" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5]

[edit] Louisiana
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">In the state of Louisiana, 34 parishes were declared as disaster areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bushdisasterarea_109-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[110] Hurricane Gustav reached the Louisiana coast on the morning of September 1, making landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana (see rainfall map); however, at 9 am wind speed at Grand Isle had been 115 mph (185 km/h),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houma1_110-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[111] the highest eyewall speed, indicating the eyewall had traveled over 4 hours along the coast. The center of the storm continued northwest across the state, so damage and deaths were widespread in many areas.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">48 deaths in the state of Louisiana were blamed on Hurricane Gustav. Five were due to falling trees, two due to a tornado and the rest were indirect deaths.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-8" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">After Gustav weakened to a tropical depression, several tornadoes were spawned including one (rated EF2) that killed two near Mamou during the early hours of September 3. The tornado also injured two others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LSREvangTor_111-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[112] Hurricane Gustav just after U.S. landfall.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">In Baton Rouge, wind damage from Gustav was the worst of any storm in memory. The damage was severe enough to effectively shut the city down for over a week. Nearly all businesses remained closed through September 5, five days after landfall. Power lines along Baton Rouge's tree-lined streets were easily brought down as thousands of trees were uprooted and snapped in half by Gustav's fierce winds. Entire sections of the city were cut off by the mountains of debris. Few homes escaped roof damage as the storm passed over the capital city. Many signs were blown down, including a large portion of the Interstate 10 Highland Road/Nicholson Drive exit sign, which blew off of the Bridge and into the Mississippi River. It would be three weeks before power was restored to all residents. Debris cleanup was still ongoing at the end of 2008, four months after the storm had passed.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Around 1.5 million people were without power in Louisiana on September 1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[113] The state reported about 100,000 people remained on the coast, after evacuation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kunz1_65-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[66] Nearly 2 million people had evacuated from south Louisiana in the days before Gustav's arrival.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kunz1_65-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[66]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">The city of New Orleans had the official reopening date on Thursday (Sept. 4),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRG2_113-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[114] after crews had restored most electric power and other services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRG2_113-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[114] Damage assessments came as residents returned to inspect their properties. Damage included numerous trees down in various locations, such as around some Marriott hotels,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USAhotels_114-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[115] and large tree limbs were broken from oak trees along St. Charles Avenue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kunz1_65-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[66] Millions of smaller branches were scattered throughout neighborhoods, blown by the strong winds. Area hotels planned to reopen the week of September 8, some by Saturday, September 6 (such as the InterContinental & 16 area Marriotts, which already had electricity restored).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USAhotels_114-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[115] TheAssociated Press<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kunz1_65-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[66] reported on the floodwall along the Industrial Canal (the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal), which connects Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River, and is susceptible to surges via the Gulf Outlet. High water splashed over the floodwalls onto new splash guards (designed to prevent foundation erosion), but the walls were not breached.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kunz1_65-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[66] Minor street flooding began in the upper Ninth Ward of New Orleans.

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; "> The community of Houma, Louisiana and the surrounding area in south-central Louisiana sustained extensive wind damage. The winds blew off many roofs, blew windows out of houses and knocked down many trees and left much of the region without power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houma1_110-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[111] Shingles and awnings were scattered throughout downtown Houma.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houma1_110-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[111] At Ellender High in Houma, the school's new gym was heavily damaged, with a rear wall collapsed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houma1_110-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[111] The roof of the Houma-Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce was also blown away. Overall, the area was considered to have dodged a bullet. Had the storm come ashore farther west, the Intracoastal Waterway would have been a highway for storm surge to penetrate into the heart of Houma.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houma1_110-4" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[111] However, flooding was relatively minor in the region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houma1_110-5" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[111] Flooding in front of a sign in New Iberia,Louisiana.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Central Louisiana was also hard hit. Many trees and power lines were knocked down in that region as well, and many houses sustained damage from the winds and localized flooding. Part of the roof at the Alexandria Mall collapsed. Two people died in the region — one was electrocuted and one had a tree crush her trailer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cenla1_115-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[116] The area's water supply was also hampered as power was knocked out to most of the water wells in the Alexandria and Pineville areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TTwater_116-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[117]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Damage and significant power outages were reported as far north as northern Louisiana, in the Interstate 20 corridor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NewsStar_117-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[118] Highest rainfall totals received thus far across the state include 16.37 inches (416 mm) near Bunkie, Louisiana,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[119] and 19.17 inches (487 mm) at Barataria Bay Pass.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[120] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[121] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[122]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">President Bush declared 34 Louisiana parishes as disaster areas and visited the area on September 3.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bushdisasterarea_109-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[110]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">On Wednesday, September 3, field staff and emergency supplies from the Arkansas Rural Water Association departed to assist the Louisiana Rural Water Association restore water and wastewater service to impacted communities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[123] Staff and supplies from other state associations, including Alabama, Mississippi and Florida went on stand-by the same day. By Friday, September 5, response teams from Arkansas, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi were assisting efforts to restore water and wastewater service. There was little structural damage to the water infrastructure, with power loss the primary difficulty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[124] Rural water teams provided 771 on-site technical assistance visits to 370 affected water and wastewater systems. Later, the LRWA efforts received applause from the Louisiana Joint Select Committee on Homeland Security.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[125]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">The LSU football team postponed their game, scheduled for September 6, against Troy University and rescheduled it for November 15 after damage was caused to Tiger Stadium. The swirling wind in the stadium tore awnings, threw team benches from the sidelines of the playing field into the stands and littered the stadium with debris.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[126]

[edit] Mississippi and Alabama
Waves crash against a stop sign in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, as Hurricane Gustav hits the Gulf Coast.Wind damage to the landmark Eola Hotel in Natchez, Mississippi.<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">The National Weather Service reported 14 confirmed tornadoes spun by Gustav from Biloxi to Mobile. All during September 1, numeroustornado warnings (more than 100) were issued from Mobile all the way to Natchez, Mississippi, based on radar-rotation patterns that indicated strong circulating winds.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[citation needed]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">In Mississippi, damage from Gustav was far less severe than that caused by Hurricane Katrina, with its 2005 storm surge of 27 ft (7 m); however, Gustav's storm surge was high as 15 feet (4.5 m) in places on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Sections of U.S. Route 90 (includingGulfport and Biloxi) were flooded and some houses were flooded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS42_126-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[127] Two people from Metairie, Louisiana died near Vicksburg in an automobile accident while evacuating from the storm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KTBS_127-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[128]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">In Alabama, scattered damage already reached multi-million dollar levels, with the destruction of the Dauphin Island berm (sand dune barrier) by storm surge waves,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRGberm_128-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[129] flood damage to island roads & homes,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRGberm_128-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[129] and extensive flooding around Bayou La Batre. The manmade sand berm took about two years to complete, and there is no official plan yet to construct another berm for Dauphin Island,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRGberm_128-2" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[129] which acts as abarrier island for the western Alabama coastline at Mobile Bay.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRGberm_128-3" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[129] A fuller assessment of damage can be expected when more residents return to the coastal areas and further insurance claims are filed.

[edit] Florida
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">The state of Florida was affected by both the Cuba landfall, with Gustav traveling past the Florida Keys, and the Louisiana landfall (September 1), affecting the Florida panhandle, with storm surge and outer band tornadoes and thunderstorms. Several tornado warnings were issued around the Pensacola area. Panhandle beaches had rip currents,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRGfla_129-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[130] and officials in Pensacola Beach had been passing out pamphlets warning of deadly rip currents that could continue for days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WKRGfla_129-1" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[130] Four people died in rip currents on Florida beaches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GustavTCR_4-9" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[5]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">The USS Oriskany, now an artificial reef off the coast of Pensacola, shifted 10 feet deeper leaving the flight deck at 145 feet (44 m) following Gustav.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AP2008_130-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[131]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Four people died in a car accident on Interstate 20 near Carrollton, Georgia while evacuating from Louisiana. Two other people in the car were alive and airlifted to nearby hospitals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AJC_evac_deaths_131-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[132]

[edit] Arkansas
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Because of Gustav's slow motion across northwest Louisiana and Arkansas on September 4 and September 5, significant rainfall accumulation was seen statewide. The maximum amount in Arkansas was at Hamburg, where 11.25 inches (286 mm) had fallen,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[133] making Gustav the third wettest tropical cyclone to affect the state since 1972.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[134]

[edit] Texas
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Especially affected was the small southeast Texas coastal town of Bridge City where nearly the entire town received heavy water damage.

[edit] United States
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Hurricane Gustav was expected to make landfall near New Orleans almost exactly three years after Hurricane Katrina struck the same region. It also arrived in the midst of the campaign for the 2008 U.S. presidential elections and during the week the 2008 Republican National Convention was scheduled to start. The federal and state administrations, as well as the candidates for the 2008 presidential election were sensitive that Gustav was likely to remind U.S. voters of the "botched response" by state and local municipalities and subsequent federal aid authorities to the earlier storm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[135]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">On August 30, President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney canceled their planned attendance at the 2008 Republican National Convention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bush_skips_RNC_135-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[136] Because of the expected U.S. landfall, governors and some other political leaders from Louisiana and other states chose to stay home from the 2008 Republican National Convention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WSJGOPCHANGE_136-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[137] As the hurricane approached the coast, presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain canceled all non-essential opening-day festivities at the convention<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McCain_RNC_cancellations_137-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[138] and said that he might give his acceptance speech via satellite from the affected area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-politico_138-0" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[139]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama and Vice Presidential nominee Joe Biden, monitoring the situation in the Gulf Coast, encouraged New Orleans residents to evacuate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[140] Obama also announced that he would ask his large network of donors and volunteers to contribute money, goods and work to assist victims of the storm according to what was most needed after the storm hits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[141]

<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em; ">Louisiana's Congressional primary election, originally scheduled for September 6, was delayed to October 4, which then delayed the general election for two races that required a runoff vote to December 6, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[142]

[edit] Cuba
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Fidel Castro addressed in a "reflection," published on September 1 in the official daily Granma. "Two days ago ... out of 11 international press reports devoted to Cuba, none told about the hurricane that moved toward our island and the feverish efforts of our Civil Defense," Castro writes. Instead, the news services, "echoing a Yankee press organization dedicated to the media war and campaigns against Cuba," reported about the defection of TV actor Yamil Jaled. (The "Yankee press organization" appears to be an allusion to El Nuevo Herald, which broke the news of Jaled's arrival in Miami.) "What a patriot! What a democrat! What a brilliant example," wrote Castro. "This way, the world is informed about a character a lot less known and important than Hurricane Gustav. They want to make a sacred cow out of him."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[143]

[edit] Retirement
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names<p style="line-height: 1.5em; ">Because of the damage and deaths, on April 22, 2009 the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Gustav from their rotating naming lists. It will be replaced with Gonzalo in 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; ">[144]

[edit] See also

 * 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
 * List of Atlantic hurricanes
 * List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
 * List of tropical cyclones
 * Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season